Most children develop a normal longitudinal arch by the age of 10 years. Higher prevalence was associated with obesity and with male gender. The prevalence of pathological pes planus in this group was less than 1%. Studies suggest around 45% of children aged 3-6 years, with around 5.5° of valgus, although the prevalence decreases with age. This is present to a greater degree in children of African ethnicity. Pes planus is common in young children, who typically have a minimal longitudinal arch with forefoot pronation and heel valgus on weight-bearing. Pes planus may occur in up to 20% of adults, many of whom are flexible and have no resulting difficulties. They also help distribute weight evenly around the foot.īiomechanical analysis suggests that there are advantages and disadvantages to both high-arched and low-arched feet: the strain on the plantar fascia and metatarsals is greater in the high-arched foot, whereas strain on the calcaneus, navicular and cuboid are greater in the low-arched foot. They help the foot to absorb shock and produce strength to push off and to adjust to balance and walk. The arches add elasticity and flexibility to the foot by allowing the midfoot to spread and close.
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